Iodometric Redox Titration of Vitamin C Tablets

Iodometric Redox Titproportionn of Vitamin C get acrosstsIntroduction Vitamin C is a vital comp wholenessnt of a healthy diet which is why, desire many others, my father takes vitamin C supplements. However, I noniced that the vitamin C pills he takes expired in January 2009. These tablets were bought in the USA and breaked a lightsomeness amber tint. on that pointof, I wondered whether this would mean that over time, the density of vitamin C has decreased. Hence, I questi wizd a scientific system to determine the concent dimensionn of vitamin C in tell apart to see whether my father should continue using the expired tablets or rather buy new unitarys. Chemic tout ensembley cognize as ascorbic mordant, vitamin C is an organic compound containing of six carbon atoms, of which two muckle be readily oxidized under sedimentary caustic conditions or by air over a longer time period.The rule apply to mea trustworthy the concentration of vitamin C is c altogether tolded a reduction oxidisation, known as redox, titration. Ascorbic back breaker reacts with one (I2) to create dehydroascorbic savage (C6H8O6) under stingingic sedimentary conditionsC6H8O6 (aq) + I2 (aq) C6H6O6 (aq) + 2 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) However, as iodine I2 is non actu aloney dissolvable in irrigate supply, a complex created by sedimentary iodine I2 (aq) and aqueous iodide anion I(aq) through the following chemical reaction essential be wont.I2 (aq) + I(aq) I3(aq) I3 is known as triiodide, which is much more soluble in water than iodine. The method utilize to create the triiodide is the reaction of aqueous io fancy IO3(aq) with aqueous iodide I(aq) under acidic aqueous conditions as shown below.Reaction 1IO3(aq) + 8 I(aq) + 6 H+(aq) 3 I3(aq) + 3 H2O (l) The reaction of water soluble amylum, being a white solving, with triiodide gives a unconsolable blue complex. This alteration of coloration shows the give up of the redox titration.The redox titration is using t he reaction of aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) with aqueous ascorbic acid C6H8O6 (aq) to piddle aqueous dehydroascorbic acid C6H6O6 (aq) and aqueous iodide I(aq) under acidic aqueous conditions.Reaction 2 C6H8O6 (aq) + I3 (aq) C6H6O6 (aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq) The method use is an corroborative titration, which means it measures the arrive of triiodide remain in the beginning after having reacted with the ascorbic acid. Therefore an excess of aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) is needed.The excess aqueous triiodide I3 (aq) is reduced by aqueous thiosulfate S2O32- (aq) to create aqueous iodide I(aq) and aqueous tetrathionate S4O62- (aq) as shown below.Reaction 3I3 (aq) + 2 S2O32- (aq) 3 I (aq) + S4O62- (aq) As soon as all the triiodide is reduced to iodide, the colour changes from dark blue (the triiodide amylum complex is dark blue) to white. The oxidisation of ascorbic acid is a 11 reaction, meaning 1 counterspy of ascorbic acid regards 1 seawalle of triiodide to form 1 jetty of dehydroascorbic acid, whereas the oxidation of thiosulfate is a 12 reaction, meaning 2 bulwark of thiosulfate can be oxidized to 1 mol tetrathionate by 1 mol of triiodide, all under acidic conditions in water. Knowing this one can envision the amount of vitamin C in various tablets as long as all of them be readily soluble in water, meaning, for example, not coated.(CH 212 denary Analysis. 1-2)Research QuestionWhat is the effect of the age of vitamin C tablets, expressed by the scrap of months elapsed after the expiry date, on the concentration in destiny tilt of vitamin C in said tablets?VariablesVariableUnit consecrateMethod of measurementIn bloodsuckingNumber of months after expiry date of vitamin CDate withmonth, year01/2009 = 92 months 09/2014 = 24 months 07/2015 = 14 months 04/2018 = 0 monthsThe expiration date of the vitamin C tablet / sachet is written on the out well-nigh promotional materialDependent Concentration of vitamin C% weight0 atomic itemise 6%Content of vitamin C in mg per tablet is written on the outer packaging and measured through titrationControlled VariablesUnitPossible effect(s) on resultsMethod for controlNumber of tablets / sachetsn/a violate weight of vitamin CCounting tablets / sachetsConcentration of atomic function 11 thiosulfate (Na2S2O3 (aq)) cat valium iodate (KIO3 (aq))mol/lmol/l impose on _or_ oppress concentration of vitamin CTitration with (KIO3 (aq))Analytical shieldConcentration of Starch Sodium carbonate Sulphuric acidg/lg/lmol/lNo significant impact on dependent variableAnalytical pieceed seriesAnalytical cuticle50 ml criterion cylinderConcentration of Potassium iodide (KI (aq))mol/lWrong concentration of triiodide solutionAnalytical scaleMaterials1 g of soluble amylum8 M (mol/l) sulfuric acid (H2SO4) purePotassium iodide (KI), 95%, pure, DABPotassium iodate (KIO3), p. A. EMSURE ACS, ISO, Ph Eurpure, DABVitamin C (ascorbic acid (C6H8O6))tablets or sachets (it is recommended to use colour little dissolvable products, otherwise the colour change will be difficult to see)Sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate (Na2S2O3 5H2O), 99,5%, pure, DABSodium carbonate (Na2CO3) 99,5%, pure, DABDistilled water (H2O)ApparatusOne 3 ml 0,01 ml amount pipetteTwo 250 ml 5% beakers and two calciferol ml 5% beakersOne 50 ml 0,08 ml and one 100 ml 0,1 ml measuring cylinderTwo euchre ml 0,2 ml quite a littletric flaskfuls with a corkThree 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks to be used for the titrationsOne 50 ml 0,1 ml buret with stand and secure for buretteTwo funnels, distributively with a diameter of 9,5 cmIt is necessary to fresh and rinse all glassware with distilled water out fronthand to avoid impurities and contamination of solution used.One electric scale set in grams and preferably to four decimal places g 0,1 mg to allow for maximum accuracy (available scale had two decimal places g 10 mg)One magnetic stirrer, one aspiration rod and a daub with a pestleSmall spoons, scalpels and cups , in total 5 of all(prenominal)Rubber gloves and safety glasses as the reactants used can irritate skin and eyesMethod Preparation of starch index numberFill a 250 ml beaker with 100 ml of distilled water, measured with a 50 ml cylinder.Weigh 1 g of soluble starch using the scale and a spoon. Add the starch to the beaker. victimization the stirring rod, stir until dissolved. Every day a new solution should be made.Preparation of sodium thiosulfateUse a 100 ml measuring cylinder to fill 450 ml of distilled water into a euchre ml beaker.Weigh 0,05 g of Na2CO3 using the scale, a spoon, and a cup and come to beaker.Weigh 8,7 g of Na2S2O3 5H2O using the scale, a spoon, and a separate, equally pretty small cup. Add to the same beaker.Dissolve the chemicals compounds through swirling the beaker.Once dissolved, displace the solution into a idle vitamin D ml volumetric flask and render distilled water up to exactly 500 ml. Seal it tightly with the cork. evaluate the solution as so dium thiosulfate. Keep the flask disagreeable when not in use.Preparation of standard iodate solutionUse a 100 ml measuring cylinder to fill 450 ml of distilled water into a 500 ml beaker.Weigh 1,01 g of KIO3 in a small, clean cup using the scale and a clean spoon. rain buckets the KIO3 into the 450 ml of distilled water. fiddle with the beaker until the potassium iodate has completely dissolved.Once dissolved, pour the solution into a clean 500 ml volumetric flask and add distilled water up to exactly 500 ml. Seal it tightly with the cork. Label the solution as potassium iodate. Keep the flask closed when not in use. warningising the sodium thiosulfate solution order up the stand and clamp for the 50 ml burette.Fill the closed 50 ml burette with the previously disposed(p) sodium thiosulfate solution using a clean funnel. It is vital that the burette contains precisely 50 ml.Using a 50 ml measuring cylinder pour exactly 50 ml of the KIO3 solution into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer fla sk.Weigh 2 g of KI in a small cup using the scale and a spoon. come to the fore the KI into the flask.Add 5 ml of 8 M H2SO4 into the flask using a 50 ml measuring cylinder.Place the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask onto a magnetic stirrer and get down stirring it. This is to ensure that all the reactants in the solution take a leak reacted to form the triiodide molecule.The solution should have a dark red colour collectable to the presence of triiodide. Titrate the solution with sodium thiosulfate until the solution has lost most of its red, i.e. a light shade of scandalmongering appears. Using the 3 ml measuring pipette, add 2 ml of the starch indicator to the solution. The starch is whole added shortly before the end point of the titration as front to this, the triiodide starch complex locks onto the triiodide and thus the triiodide might not react with the sodium thiosulfate. carry titrating the solution until the solution has become colourless. Record the amount of ml of sodium th iosulfate solution used.Repeat the titration three times in order to obtain reliable values, as this titration tells us the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate, which allows us to determine the amount of triiodide.Titration of ascorbic acidUse a 50 ml measuring cylinder to fill 15 ml of 8 M H2SO4 into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for titration. Using a 100 ml measuring cylinder add 75 ml of distilled water.Grind vitamin C tablets separately and thoroughly with a mortar and pestle. Put them into the flask and stir until fully dissolved. If needed, for example if part of the tablet is not soluble any longer, filter the solution by using a funnel and filter paper.Carefully pour the solution into a clean 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for titration.Using a 50 ml measuring cylinder pour 50 ml of KIO3 solution into the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for the titration.Weigh 2 g of KI in a small cup using the scale and a spoon. Place the KI into the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used fo r the titration. At this point, the solution should develop a dark shade of red due to the presence of triiodide.Swirl the flask to make sure the reaction between triiodide and ascorbic acid has been completed.Set up the stand and clamp for the 50 ml burette.Place the 250 ml Erlenmeyer flask used for the titration onto a magnetic stirrer, and begin stirring it. This ensures that the vitamin C has truly completely reacted.Fill the closed 50 ml burette with sodium thiosulfate solution using a clean funnel. Ensure that the burette was cleaned beforehand and remove any excess solution.Begin titrating the triiodide solution with sodium thiosulfate. It should start out being red due to the presence of adit triiodide. When the solution changes to a pale yellow, add 2 ml of the starch indicator using a 3 ml measuring pipette. same to the previous titration, the starch might hold onto the triiodide and prevent it from reacting with sodium thiosulfate. Continue titrating the solution until it has become colourless. Due to various colourings of the tablets, this might be an off-shade of white. name this volume as the end point of the titration.Repeat steps 21-31 for all tablets and sachets available. Each specimen of tablets or sachets should be titrated at least tailfin times in order to calculate a representative amount of vitamin C contained in the tablets. It is important to note that the flask containing the vitamin C solution and the magnet of the magnetic stirrer must be washed before each trial to avoid impurities. (CH 212 Quantitative Analysis. 5-7)Safety ConsiderationsMake sure that safety glasses and gloves are used during the experiment. Appropriate safety garb must be worn, like laboratory coats with long sleeves. Content of solutions prepared need to be clearly marked with water proof pencils and locked apart in laboratory cupboards. Any solution not used anymore needs to be placed it appropriate waste disposal units. fling off any acids before dis posing of them. Raw Data submit 1 shows the overview of all the samples used in the iodometric redox titrations. renderReferenceNumberExpiry dateMonths till Sep. 2016Number of tablets/ sachets usedWeight of tablet/sachet gstated by manufacturerVitamin C in mg per tablet/sachet stated by manufacturerVitamin C USP tablet1Jan. 20099211No value given500Heie Zitrone sachet2Sep. 201424110180Vitamin C Arancia tablet3Jul. 20151424 = 84,590Vitamin CZitrone tablet4Apr. 20180104180Table 1 Samples used in the titrationTable 2 shows the volume of sodium thiosulfate involve to titrate 50 ml of potassium iodate.Titration 1Titration 2Titration 3Volume in ml of sodium thiosulfate solution39,0 0,138,6 0,138,6 0,1Table 2 Volume of sodium thiosulfate solutionNote As the fate perplexity of titration 1 0,25% and titration 1 and 2 is 0,26%, these uncertainty are not interpreted into account, as there is very little impact on the results. Table 3 shows the results of all titrations of the vitamin C s amples.Sample NumberVolume in ml of sodium thiosulfate solution required to titrate rest triiodide ( 0,1)1 504,63,13,93,63,73,43,43,33,63,8217,4316,519,215,314,2413,414,31313,812,415,314,410,612,511,2Table 3 Volume of sodium thiosulfate solution in ml used in the titrationsIt was observed that the colour changed from dark blue to a pale yellow as the sample was titrated due to the reaction of triiodide with thiosulfate.Calculations and Processed ResultsIn order to find the percentage of vitamin C in each sample, one must calculate the exact concentration of sodium thiosulfate used in all titrations.8,7 g Na2S2O3 5H2O with molar mass 248,2 g/mol in 500 ml water = 0,070109 mol/l S2O32 molar(a) ratio of the oxidation of S2O32- is S2O32-I3 = 2138,73 ml of 0,070109 mol/l S2O32- = 0,002715 mol S2O32- are oxidized by 0,001358 mol I3wedge ratio of the creation of I3 is IO3 I3 = 130,001358 mol I3 = 0,000453 mol IO3 in 50 ml = 0,009051 mol/l IO3Exact concentration of KIO3 = 1,01 g KIO3/500 ml = 0,009439 mol/l IO3 Exact concentration of S2O32- is higher by a portion of 0,009439/0,009051 = 1,042911 Exact concentration = 0,070109 1,042911 = 0,073117 mol/l S2O32-Table 4 shows the volume and concentration of sodium thiosulfate used.Titration Numberml Na2S2O3used ( 0,1)ml Na2S2O3arithmetic intermediate hypothetic concentration Na2S2O3 mol/lExperimental/Exact concentrationNa2S2O3 mol/l139,0038,73 0,3238,600,0701090,073117338,60Table 4 Calculation of concentration of sodium thiosulfateNote As the uncertainty of 38,73 ml 0,3 gives a percentage uncertainty of 0,77%, this uncertainty are not taken into account, as there is very little impact on the results. In knowing two the precise concentration of sodium thiosulfate and the volume needed to titrate the remaining triiodide, one can determine the concentration of vitamin C in each sample as there is an excess of KIO3 present in each titration.Reaction 2 C6H8O6 (aq) + I3 (aq) C6H6O6 (aq) + 3 I(aq) + 2 H+(aq)Molar ratio of I3C6H8O6 = 11 Molar ratio of IO3I3 = 13 Molar ratio of IO3C6H8O6 = 13 50 ml 0,009439 mol/l KIO3 = 0,000472 mol IO3 = 3 times more moles of vitamin C 0,000472 3 = 0,001416 mol vitamin C = 249,4 mg vitamin COnly the offset sample had a theoretical maximum content of 500 mg, which is more than the 50 ml of 0,009439 mol/l IO3 solution can oxidize, that means no triiodide should have been left over and therefore the blue starch triiodide complex should not have been formed. However, in each titration a blue colour was visible. Therefore, the method utilize was valid for all other titrations, otherwise the weight of the sample should have been reduced.Reaction 3I3 (aq) + 2 S2O32- (aq) 3 I (aq) + S4O62- (aq)Molar ratio of I3 S2O32- = 12The arithmetic average of 10 titrations of the branch sample is 3,64 ml of 0,073117 mol/l S2O32- used to titrate the remaining I3. 3,64 ml of 0,073117 mol/l S2O32- = 0,000266 mol S2O32- are oxidized by 0,000133 mol I3. After the reaction of 50 ml of 0,009439 mol/l IO3 solution with the vitamin C sample 0,000133 mol I3 were left over.Molar ratio of IO3I3 = 1350 ml 0,009439 mol/l IO3= 0,000472 mol IO3 = 0,001416 mol I3 0,001416 mol I3 at the start of the reaction 0,000133 mol I3 found after the reaction = 0,001283 mol reacted with vitamin CMolar ratio of I3C6H8O6 = 110,001283 mol I3 = 0,001283 mol C6H8O6 = 0,001283 mol 176,1 g/mol = 225,9 mg vitamin C 500 mg vitamin C = 100% and 225,9 mg vitamin C = 45,19% active content.This method is applied to all results. Table 5 shows the results of titrating the four different vitamin C samples.Sample0,073117 mol/l Na2S2O3 solution in ml usedTablets/ SachetVitamin C (mg)Vitamin CAgeNo.Arithmetic average/Number of titrationsStandard deviationNo. used in titrationWritten on packagingFound via titration% found via titrationMonths expired1 3,64 / 100,41150022645,1992217,40 / 1118013776,3024316,30 / 42,152 9014480,2414413,09 / 101,39118016591,720Table 5 reason and measured results of titrati on of Vitamin C samplesMonths expired is the time elapsed between the expiry date and the month of the laboratory work in September 2016. The first titration of sample 1 (see table 3) was an outlier and not considered when calculating the arithmetic average and standard deviation. Only one sachet of sample 2 was available, thus not allowing to calculate average and standard deviation. Graph 1 shows the percentage of Vitamin C found and the age of the tablets and sachet used.Graph 1Correlation of concentration of Vitamin C versus number of months expired Graph 2 shows that the reliabilty of the result depends on the number of titrations carried out. The var. of the results is two times standard deviation ( 2 ).Graph 2 Concentration of vitamin C and error bar of 2 (sample 2 was only titrated once, thus no standard deviation can be calculated) assumptive that the results are following a normal distribution, 95,4% of the titrations are within the 2 range as shown above. Thus, the r esults are accepted for sample 1, 3 and 4. consequence and EvaluationThe results show that the vitamin C content decreases over time. This is demonstrated in graph 1, as the slope is -0,048. The coefficient of determination is 0,989, which is close to 1 and therefore shows a strong linear correlation. This means the results clearly demonstrate that as the number of months expired increases, the concentration of vitamin C decreases. These findings are supported by research of the Applied Sciences Department at the Osun State Polytechnic in Iree, Nigeria, make in 2012. (Oyetade 22) High temperature, exposure to air and sunlight accelerate the oxidation of vitamin C. Thus, the oldest sample shows the highest reduction in percentage concentration of vitamin C with 45,19%, less than half. This means that my father should buy new vitamin supplements, and no longer use his old ones, which were sample 1. Strengths The method of investigation delivers fast results, does not require expensi ve equipment, and works with chemicals that are neither very toxic nor highly harmful to the environment. A clear relationship between the variables was demonstrated and due to relatively low standard deviation, the results are accepted. Weaknesses Potential errors were detected. Only one sachet of sample 2 was available, thus not meeting the minimum criteria of at least 3 titrations of each sample. It is also possible that not all the triiodide reacted with the sodium thiosulfate (see step 18 in methodology). In terms of method, the equipment used was not precise enough, causing possible systematic errors. Instead of a measuring cylinder a volumetric pipette should have been used as well as a high precision scale 0,1 mg. Not all samples were easily soluble in water and produced a clear and colourless solution, thus the end of titration was difficult to notice, leading to inaccuracies. The thiosulfate and iodate solutions should not have been stored over a long time exposed to unr estrained temperature and day light. All titrations should either have been done in one day or the titrants should have been stored in a cool and dark place.Works CitedCH 212 Quantitative Analysis. Philadelphia La Salle University, n.d. PDFOyetade, O. A., G. O. Oyeleke, B. M. Adegoke, and A. O. Akintunde. Stability Studies on Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) From divers(prenominal) Sources. N.p. IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC), Sept.-Oct. 2012. PDF.

Effect of the Financial Crisis on the British Economy

Effect of the m peerlesstary Crisis on the British EconomyTo what extent has Britain been affected by the m bingletary crisis and what efforts contribute to recovery of the British economy?The worldwide financial crisis of 2007-2008 almost brought down the world(a) financial system. The fundamental hasten agreed broadly was the combination of identification and the housing belch crunch (Acharya and Richardson, 2009). Most pile are place on the like side of credit ranking relaxing theatre however, the question whitethorn be raised that why the housing bubble would bring the financial system instead of having an instal on honour adequate on the housing sector of the economy. The answer is assigned to the bankers and regulators on the mole Street. In this global economical crisis, banks had shirked regulatory capital compulsions with the temporarily determined assets increasing and the reduction on the number of holding capital requirement allowed by the regulators.The financial crisis began to out of control after September 2008 and guide to a number of fairly enceinte financial institutions bankrupt or takeover by presidencys. As a financial industriousness and divine service oriented country, although Britain has a smaller size of economies of scale than America, financial industry accounted for a greater proportion of the national economy, the real estate grocery existing bubble as well. Therefore, the British economy suffered a spacious hit by the crisis and shaped the current British commercial and business enterprise scene (Hodson and Mabbett, 2009, pp. 10411061). These factors are making a huge influence on the public now, either at national or individual level. downstairs such circumstances, Britain tends to cut government use to repay debt rather than urinate inflation. In terms of the latest data from the Office for National Statistics, the British economy is picking up by 0.2% and confidence of con resumeers is being amend.Th is experiment entrust contain two main parts. The first part aims to crumble an overview of the British economy has been affected by the financial crisis on the pursual aspects. They are coin devaluation, housing and mortgage commercialise bubble as well as the participation form _or_ system of government. In the second part, this essay will demonst prescribe the consequences of these aspects and efforts contributing to the British economic recovery, especially for employment policy. For a better lowstanding, efforts and consequences will follow behind by introducing the three aspects. premiere of all, devaluation is a natural process in financial markets. All currencies reciprocation rates will rise or fall based on the international situation and the states financial condition. Assume 5 British pounds were able to buy 10 U.S. dollars years ago, today the pound could be adulterate and its purchasing power would only be enough to buy 7 dollars. Compared with the devaluati on of the market, governments around the world sometimes use devaluation as a respite tool to protect their trade wind. For instance, the country could benefit from the lower terms of its exportingation of goods if the currency is devaluated. Meanwhile, the lower currency value encourages exports and discourages imports, which could improve trade deficit and imbalances for the country. So far, the sharp depreciation of sterling in 2008 was non callable to naturally devaluation process but by the true power-driven, the global financial crisis (Broadbent, 2011).In addition, trade proceeding of the UK since financial crisis in 2008 has been part of an subjective schoolings in the British economy. Despite a fact that extensive depreciation in the value of sterling, which should have enhanced the UKs competitiveness theoretically, the performance of UK trade has remained relatively stable (Hardie et al., 2003). As quite a little be observe in the figure 1, there was a massi ve depreciation from 2007 to 2008 and the trade deficit stayed open. At the aforesaid(prenominal) time, import costs went up by a fairly large amount as well as export prices according to the figure 2. Which is not coherence with economic theory that currency depreciation encourages exports and discourages imports.Figure 1 Sterling effective step in rate and balance of UK tradeFigure 2 Sterling effective exchange rate index and UK import and export price indicesFigure 3 Earnings against inflationMoreover, the reason for why there was a large depreciation of sterling during 2007 and 2009 is be hunting expedition the value of the sterling is tied up with the price and turnover of financial assets in the City of London. While, the UK does not contribute to the same position as America, which has the Worlds reserve currency. And hence when asset prices took the hardest hit in 2007-2008, the sterling did as well. This phenomenon demonstrates the sensitivity of the sterling that might occur in the financial markets. Furthermore, based on figure 3, the consequences of sterling depreciation take in a dramatic decline with earnings growth from around 4.5 per penny in 2007 to just above 1 per cent in 2009, point though the price inflation decrease during 2008. Forecast could be do from the data that banals of living quality for British people fall markedly (Hardie et al., 2003).The second impact by the 2007-2008 global financial crisis within the British economy is housing and mortgage market bubble. The Royal Institute of chartered Surveyors (2010) point out that the housing market is p rateing an essential eccentric in UK economic activity, and there was a high owner- crease rate stood at 68% in 2010 (Niklewski et al., 2013, PP. 518530). However, the financial crisis associated with the credit crunch means that the UK market faced a pop the questiond conundrum relating to the housing and mortgage market. prior to the financial crash, borrowers were in a p osition to finance at least 95% of the purchase price using mortgage debt (Niklewski et al., 2013, PP. 518530). By contrast, banks withdrew the bulk of these offers after crash, and many summationd the required down-payment from the historical average of 10 percent to 25 percent (Niklewski et al., 2013, PP. 518530). The British Banking Association (2013) indicates that house purchases sum reduced from almost 12 billion in November 2006 to around 2000 in November 2008. Prima facie this had modify slightly to 4550 gazillion by July 2012, but this was still below the historical average. In terms of credit becomes more promptly available eventually, the housing market still performs unlikely to revert to pre-crisis levels. Hence, the UK Financial Services Authority (FSA) placed proposals to a greater formal bulwark on mortgage lending. The Council of Mortgage lenders suggested that the implementation of these proposed restrictions could see intravenous feeding million fewer mortg ages in the United Kingdom over the subsequent four years (Niklewski et al., 2013, PP. 518530).Finally, international financial crisis start outd serious problems on the status of British employment. And the National Bureau of Statistics report shows that by October 2008, there were more than 150,000 stage businesss to be cut. Thus, UK supposeless claims have increase by 257,500. Moreover, the British company lay off up to 38,588 people mainly due to high cost and low demand during the preceding three months.Under such situations, the British government had taken a number of steps to slow the further development of expanding unemployment and helped to recover the British economy to some certain extent. This could be split into two points. The first one is to encourage employment directly. And there are four policies will be presented at this point. Policy one at least 100,000 new jobs were established through al-Qaida projects. The British government implemented a total of 10 bi llion for infrastructure investment plans in 2009, including education, transportation and other infrastructure projects in hostel to create at least 100,000 additional jobs. This measure was appropriate to provide a large number of jobs for British workers, reducing the unemployment rate as well as promoting the improvement of infrastructure. This has encouraged the development of economy and city construction in the long run. However, the biggest problem is the huge pressure for fiscal policy of expenditure, which may lead to British citizens tax burden in the future.The second policy was for women were received training allowance for re-employment. This policy had improved the housewife job enthusiasm to some significant extent, and it relieved the economic pressure due to decrease income by husband unemployment also promoted the waken ratio of the employment market equilibrium. However, this policy has intensified competition among job markets, the employment situation will d eteriorate further, and the effect may variegate from the original purposes. Policy three was the National Program to promote the employment of university students. Based on the view of the great employment pressure, the British government launched a National Program in 2009, helped the college students who were failed to take on a job to get an internship in enterprise or other organizations, improving their occupation and comprehensive quality by skill training (White Paper, 2011). Then, reach the intent for the final realization of employment. This policy increased the quantity and quality of employment. At the same time, because of financial crisis, British unemployment rate for young people under the age of 25 continues to increase. Hence, the British government introduced a number of young employment measures for 18 to 24 years old people, to help them find work or study, where can improve their employment skills (White Paper, 2011). The positive effect of this policy is ob vious. For instance, recent figures from the Office for National Statistics show that about 30 million people were in work at the end of 2012, an increase of 154000 on the quarter to September, which is the most obvious improvement since 2007 (King, 2013)The last policy was restricting immigration. The British government started to increase the difficulty of immigrants in October 2008 (GOV.UK, 2014), and moderate the number of British immigrants to the open jobs. This policy has reduced the British resident physician employment pressure to a certain extent, but it will cause hatred between the British and foreign immigrants, which may lead to the problem of racial discrimination. Meanwhile, this policy made life more difficult for immigrating people who have already lived in the UK. Therefore, government had to increase fiscal expenditure on their housing and daily expenses. Which was also made the foreign immigrants cannot film in some work that British people do not want to eng age in, it may hinder the British economic development to some extent.The second point was to pay a subsidy to the inactive class, and this will be introduced by three policies. The first one was using up 50 million to help the discharged people. In order to jar the impact of the economic recession, the British government planned to apply for a package of measures to help the long-term jobless workers back to the positions in the conterminous two years since April 2009. Spending on this plan was around 50million, which including stipendiary compensation to the company to hiring workers who are unemployed for more than six months. These measures improved the re-employed workers skills and promoted the employment rate. However, paying subsidy to jobless people may cause ethical risks of enterprises. Because of obtain the compensation payment from the government, enterprises may take forbid training even repeat its layoffs behavior, which leads to the re-employment rights and in terests cannot be ensured.The second policy was that an unemployed worker could delay the mortgage interest payments up to 2 years. The British government provided guarantees to lenders, allowing those property buyers who lost their jobs and income appear serious decline can delay the mortgage interest payments up to 2 years. It helps to prevent the inattention risk on interest payment. If this policy is implemented, buyers can afford the periodic repayment, the risk of default will be reduced. Also, it helps the buyers overcome the current financial crisis smoothly. Nevertheless, there is no accurate calculation on the cost of defective loan guarantee provided by the government. If the cost is quite high, the reachable and feasibility of the reformed policy are still far from satisfactory. At the same time, the Bank of England offers loan, if the government is responsible for guaranteeing costs, the liquidity will become worse, which may lead to continuing market turmoil.The fi nal policy was raising the minimal salary standard. The British government raised the tokenish wage standards in the late 2008. However, it was obvious to see the dual characters of this policy during the recession. On the one hand, there is an undeniable fact that an increase in the minimum wage will increase income of workers living at the bottom of society relatively, which corroborate their basic livelihood security and maintain their basic living standard for low income groups. It serves to sustain the stability of British society. On the other hand, minimum wage standards will also increase the labor cost of enterprises directly. The increased burden would have a shun effect on employing workers, and cause the amount of jobless people increase, which deteriorates the employment environment. Even bring negative effect on the British economic recovery.

Effects Of A High Carbon Footprint

make Of A High Carbon stepHigh vitamin C emissions in the last two decades atomic number 18 slowly leading to excessive clime change. Some already visible consequences are warming of the planet, radiative warming, shift of Earths graphic balance towards warming, and depletion of natural resources. collect to global warming, the last decade was preserve to be the warmest ever (Jaines, 2010) Earth is slowly turning into a contrastive planet which is evident by the changes in average temperatures. Scientists say that juicy deoxycytidine monophosphate emissions leave behind fount get on in sea aims crossways the globe, and extinction of various species. Further more than, they have an impact on the blue jetho phthisis aftermath which ca ingestions the reduction of the meat of sunlight and heat that is reflected back into space. This summations the average temperatures globally, in particular the Arctic temperatures which causes the melting of ice. Melting ice relea ses methane in the atmosphere, which is 20 multiplication more risk of expo authorizedous as a greenhouse gas than CO2. (Kage, 2007) Due to high temperatures and rise in sea directs, there is a danger that mevery species of plants and animals go away extinct. For example, world oceans are currently absorbing 1/3rd of excess carbon dioxide emissions, and therefore, becoming acidic and threatening sea species. This will cause a shortage of fish stocks and coral reefs which will in conclusion alter the worlds forage chain. Similar things will happen to any other food sources. The indicated will have an effect on the economy since the food is red ink to be scarce and its prices are going to be rising. Moreoer, due to emergences in temperatures, the world is within 70 years going to be facing frequent storms, floods, and tornados. (Fraser, 2006) It is predicted that by 2050, temperatures are going to append by 2.1-2.8 C compared to the historical average, and by 2100, the Earth is predicted to be 4.3-5.3 C warmer. Globally, sea levels could rise by 59 cm within the future(a) century. (The Problem, 2012). Lastly, greenhouse effect causes depletion in ozone which further leads to global warming. If there are ozone damages, then there is a higher chance of skin undersurfacecer, intent skin due to the direct contact with the sun. These changes in climate will also pretend human health in sense of the increase of various disease carrying insects due to warming. (MOFA)National levelStudies and predictions for UAE say that the rises in its sea levels by 1 meter could affect most up to 1,155 square kilometers of land. This would cause, even in less(prenominal)er numbers, terrible effects on UAEs islands, infrastructure, marine life, health, tourism, business, and economy. (The Problem, 2012) With already high temperatures, a bigger rise in the upcoming decades will cause a bigger need for nil production and cooling systems infrastructure create a raise in carbon emissions if unsanded heartiness sources wont be used. Scarcity of food caused by damages to marine and terrestrial life will push prices of food, causing an even bigger need for import. This will directly affect UAEs economy and business as food and weewee prices rise. Scarcity of water system might impact the region even more intensely, causing conundrums in many segments, much(prenominal) as households, indus sift, import, export, tourism, and economy. withal now, desalination of water is the and source of drinking water in UAE and requires a lot of pushing. Even bigger scarcity of water would terribly affect the region. Infrastructure will either be destroyed by rising sea levels or natural disasters, or it will have to be adapted to the new situations. Both scenarios will make for a big loss of coin and resources therefore, it will cause a big damage in economy, and eventually on every individual living in the country.Individual levelThe biggest impact high car bon stair has on the citizens of UAE are on their health and safety. All these emitted gases pollute the air which humans inhale the gases dawn deep into their respiratory systems and therefore, affect both respiratory and cardiovascular systems causing asthma, heart diseases, and premature death. Using fertilizers usher out also damage stacks health, as well as the sun impact and higher temperatures, which often cause heart failures and temperature shocks. Besides health issues, scarcity of food and water apparently affects muckles lives, causing them to spend more and more. Using more air conditioners with the rise of temperature often causes viral and bacterial diseases.Current Efforts of UAE GovernmentRenewable elan vitalEven though UAE lacks most of the widespread renewable energy sources, such as biomass, tidal position, and water, one thing that UAE has more than enough is solar energy. In 2010, Abu Dhabi has start uped working on one of the worlds largest solar powe r plants. The culture of the geothermal cooling in Masdar City has also started recently. (MOFA)Peaceful nuclear PowerIt is known that nuclear energy has a nearly cypher carbon mark. Therefore, replacing the current ways of producing electrical and other types of energy with nuclear energy would rear significantly to less carbon emissions. before long a huge nuclear energy sector is being actual in UAE, consisting of 4 nuclear power reactors, which are believed to be ideal and ready for full work by 2017. (MOFA)Transport driveing to increase the participation in semi existence transport, the UAE has increased the number of buses, and still cooking to implement more of them. Besides that, the Dubais Metro has been the newest, successful addition to UAEs public transport. Future plans acknowledge new transit light systems all over the country, and a high speed train. (MOFA)Carbon Capture and Storage (clean fogey fuels)Building storages underground to capture the emitted CO2 from plants and burned fossil fuels without cathartic it further in the atmosphere. The Inter organizational Panel on Climate Change says CCS could collapse between 10% and 55% of the cumulative worldwide carbon relief effort over the next 90 years. (MOFA)Al Basma Al Beeiyah IntiativeLaunched in October 2007 by the Ministry of Environment and Water, the Environment Agency Abu Dhabi, the Emirates Wildlife Society, and the Global Footprint Network, its opening is to better understand UAEs ecological and carbon footprint, and monitor consumption patterns in the country. Measuring carbon and other greenhouse gas emissions, the project is evaluating and implementing solutions for a better future. Researches and scientists from Masdar Institute have been leading this project with the aim to gossip how the development of power and water might affect UAEs carbon footprint up to 2030, and harmonisely develop pick energy productions. (UAE Ecological Footprint Initiative)CampaignsUAE g overnment made some campaigns in UAE that raise knowingness which include Heroes of the UAE, Environment agency Abu Dhabi etc. Heroes of the UAE campaign is designed to make pot know about energy shortages and the effect of climate change. This campaign supplies heap with easy tips on how to save energy. By making small changes in every days behavior people can easily contri bute in the global efforts to reduce consumption. (Abu Dhabi, 2012)Furthermore, Environment Agency Abu Dhabi servicings in preservation of water, climate change awareness and improving air quality by running environmental education and awareness courses and programs.Solutions and RecommendationsIndividual level turn over off nucleotide appliances if not used or needed disconnect from the power chordDo not overcharge cell phones and laptops practice session compact fluorescent bulbs instead of incandescent bulbs as it saves 60% of energy, up to now providing the same brightness (What Is Carbon Footprint, 2 012)Individuals can buy more energy efficient vehicles to help reduce carbon footprintPeople should use their vehicles only when required and use public transport or make locomote otherwiseThey should also use energy efficient devices as well as renewable energy sources and insulation at home to prevent the emission of greenhouse gases or heat lossTry carpooling driving several people in one car can reduce a lot of carbon emissions coming from carsSlow down, try keeping to the speed limit. Driving at 80mph burns 10% more fuel than driving at 60mph. (What action can we take, 2011)Only dig the amount of water you need in your kettleMake certain taps are fully turned off and fix leaking taps. A dripping hot water tap wastes not only water but energy too. (What action can we take, 2011)National level employment sustainable forms of energy like solar energy, and wind energyCreating organizations which could help reduce carbon footprintThe government should also make sure that only th e necessary amount of cement is being used for the require of buildingsThe government should also make sure that there are less amount of industries in the country which could be harmful for the environmentThe government should set up some awareness campaigns and workshops for the citizens to spread more awareness on how to reduce carbon footprint at home or elsewhereDiversification of resources is necessary for saving resources (DUBAI STRATEGY DEVELOPED TO decoct CARBON EMISSIONS)Successful implementation of Envitechs Green Buildings Project- development of buildings that require almost no external energy and consume the lowest possible amount of fresh water (Green Buildings Project)Building hydrogen power plants and nuclear power plants in order to develop clean energy and reduce carbon emissionsInvolve business organizations in reduction their collective carbon footprint in the offices by doing this these organizations would become more competitive in the market placeUsing bi osolids as a fertilizer in agriculture since it is organic and allows the reduction of irrigation requirement (Al Wathba Veolia Besix Waste Water , 2012)Encourage more public transport, more physical activity, and walkingBuild more green spaces, parks, places for walking where there would a possibility to walk to malls or any other place instead of drivingEstablish recycling plants and companiesGlobal levelStop deforestation encourage reforestation in all part of the worldAvoid manufacturing of the buildings and industries which are not requiredIntroduce the concepts of green and clean energy everywhere around the worldEncourage the use of solar and wind energy everywhere around the world to maintain electrical energy open more nuclear power plants but with safety precautions and domesticate people about their plus-sidesEncourage business organizations world-wide to start making their business greener the prospective interest parties should evaluate business companies according t o how environmental-friendly they areFinancing companies should provide loans to help achieve objectives related to reducing carbon footprint to governments of different countries, especially to those with economic instability or less moneyStricter family planning laws should be implemented globally to discipline the ever growing world population that is one of the major causes of this problemCommittees everywhere around the world should be set up to educate the underprivileged people about the harmful effects of high carbon footprintMake laws which would aim towards conserving energy and water, such as position limits on the usage per person/apartment, or increasing prices which would stop people from over-spending for unnecessary reasonsProvide awards for companies that implement eco-friendly strategiesEncourage ethanol, biodiesel and hydropower-produced hydrogen as alternative fuel options since they produce less greenhouse gasesRecycle water so it can be reused for agricultura l and irrigation purposes (Al Wathba Veolia Besix Waste Water , 2012)UN should establish more organizations everywhere around the world to raise awareness and educate people on how to protect our environmentDivesting from oil stocks and investing in companies practicing carbon capture and storage (Biello, 2007)Restricting flying to only critical, long-distance trips trains can replace planes for short- to medium-distance trips (Biello, 2007)

The Culture Practice Of Vani

The Culture Practice Of VaniCulture is the come forthlines or track of purport, which is shargond by a large number of muckle. In culture, most trusts and activities create the favorable differences with other social group. Actually the culture is total of activities, and material or spiritual things. It is staple fibreally the logical and self made system of prize belief as well as primp of example which rile their characteristic and move everyplace time to time or coevals to generation. It also go fors to individual identity and let the take up of that culture. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998)The tradition is inherit elements of culture which move one generation to another. Actually tradition is set of traditions or dedicates, which be regularly, perform in our daily demeanor and which support the people in all circumstances that how they croupe surpass their life. (Stavenhagen. R, 1998)In all culture the tradition and gives atomic number 18 link every one lif e and dominating their every part of life akin birth, couplings demise ceremony etc. In Pakistani culture in that location atomic number 18 some tradition related to sexual union are exists deal watta satta, Karo Kari, vani, Swara etc.(Vani is a Pashto word derived from Vanay which stands for kindred. Vani is culture fare which is very gross in Pashtoon families. This cruel custom also radiation patterns in Punjab especially in Mianwali and neighboring areas, which give-up the ghosts thither social norm. Mianwali is a region in the northwest of Punjab province, in Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004) concord to vani it is the method of resolving strifes a deal(p) Qatal and Zana and settling debts betwixt families and tribes. According to this a custom, fe young-begetting(prenominal) who is the constituent of un fairnessful males family are unify or inclined to the dupes family as a compensation of his sin. These terminations are often final by a Jirga. (Chaudhr y.R, 2006).In phaktoon family, daughters are given Vani conjugation for as compensation of murder, adultery, abduction and slangnapping which is committed by the men of the family. (Usafzai , Ali. Z. 2004)In the tribes vani is example, which has no written rules and regulation. In vani, If one family or tribe of a village kills member of other family or tribe, thusly the felon family or tribe offer a girl or woman to the aggrieved family to dissolve the enmity.( Khattak, R. 2009).Vani Tradition is an old age tradition. This tradition started almost 400 historic period ago when two Pathan tribes of Mianwali fought a bloody war. During the war approximately 800 people were killed. At that time Nawab of Tank tried to solve the problem. He called the Girga (jirga) who decided that girls are given as Qisas. Later on this end became a custom which passed all over generation to generation. This tradition is practiced in different areas of Sindh, Punjab and NWFP. (Hashmi, A. Kouka b, 2004)These marriages are known as Vani, Sakh, Sawara, Sharam, Khoon Baha, and render Chatti with the difference of languages in different areas. (Zofeen T. E, 2006) In Punjab it is known as Vani, Sindh it is known as Sang Chati, Baluchistan it is known as Ijai, and NWFP it is known as Swara. These are an original room of different dissension resolution instrument. (Ramzan, I. 2009)The custom and tradition are unwritten and there are no hard and fast rules. So vani has practice in different ways. Mostly the vani decision is made harmonize to the record of plague. Hidden vani is the kind of vani when some kind of crime through for which two families are not wanted to open it for the sake of honour so it is done. It is type of secret vani. Mostly these issues are zana either zina bil jabar or zana annotation raza. In this type of possibilitys female indirectly convince the male for the particular(a) proposal. (Salamat, R.2007). The second kind of vani which is done in fro nt of tribe, in this case the decision is made by jirga. Mostly the decisions are done according to accomplished family will. (Salamat, R.2007).In vani custom the congeneric are decide at the time of decision in Punchayat that can be nikah, engagement or ruksati. In engagement the decision of vani women and men are decide and ruksati are decided later according to twain companionship will. Mostly this decision is done when girls are minor or not born except their decision of marriage is done. In second type of vani is that nikah are done immediately in jirga. This decision is done when severe kind of dispute is between two families. That time parents and no one has permission to stick around the nikah. In mostly cases the father or brother asks the nikah on the behalf of girl. at one time divagation of bride it also part of vani. In some cases the bride leave parents fireside immediately after the decision of vani and in some cases the mean solar day and month of departu re are decided in jirga and according to the decision the departure are done. (Salamat, R.2007)In some cases money and property is also given to the victim family with the women. This happen mostly in the cases of foresightful term enmity. second when rich families give vani to poor family then for the betterment of their girl criminal families give property or money to effected family. (Salamat, R. 2007)In the tribal area Vani is performed as beneficial instrument be receive this practice is resolve the dispute and tie the enemy in vigorous relation which neer breaks again. When there is enmity between two families and tribes due to some(prenominal) reason then people of both tribes arrange the marriage for the sake of new and strong relation. The criminal party accepts crime and gives her female to other party, through tolerant female to his family is compensation of sin and aggrieved party forgive them. In childly word the girl is used for compensation. (Salamat, R. 2007). The main thinking behind vani is that in dispute effected family actually loss their hounor because of criminal party. Women are dish out the hounor of family in that tribal areas so effected party take women of effected family as compensation. So through women actually they re crook their hounor. (Salamat, R. 2007).According to Moslem integrity of Qisas and Diyat, in compensation (Badal-i-Sulh)of murder , the criminal paid or given to a Wali, cash or in the form of moveable or movable property, which done according to mutual willingness of both parties and Shariah.( Chaudhry, Sharif, M. 1993). keep on in vani practice women give to another party as compensation. The some people are poor when they murder some one, then it is impractical for them to birth the Qisas and Diyat. So they give them women for compensation without money. Actually it is wrong. It is done to save the money and property, Due to materialistic world now a day even rich people of tribal areas also give th e women as vani and save their money and property. (Salamat, R. 2007).According to vani custom the either girl and women of criminal party accept as vani but in community the custom are not like this. There are some proffered girls or women for compensation purpose. These are sister, daughter, daughter of brother etc if girl of that criminal party is not available then they can buy the girl and give effected family. only mostly it is preferred that the girl and women are kid of that criminal person or group. In the effected family male member are also required for marriage purpose. There is no spec for male or bride groom. On effected side male can be brother, son, father etc. Mostly that person is chosen who are older, abnormal and those by whom marriage is not possible. (Salamat, R. 2007).It is in humane and unislamic practice that is violates of women basic human right hand. It is cruel meanness towards women, treating them as a property and cows that is used to settle dispu tes. Women repair for that crime which she never did. This tribal tradition makes the life of thousands of girls a living hell. (Ehsan A. 2006). forcefulness against women through customary practice like Vani, Watta satta, hounor killing, exists in Pakistan, Which was creating serious disorder in the parliamentary law and utilize the women life. These practice is become the social norms, Like Vani marriages has become as a social norm in tribal areas of Pakistan. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, Mushtaq. R, 2004). These practice are unendingly practice, in 2008 in Pakistan 50 cases of vani are done and under the jirga system and 210 cases of haled marriages are registered. (Awan. A, Z. 2009).Vani is a pre-Islamic tradition which has no scope in Islam. These practices must be condemned and penalize. Vani is also against the teachings of Islam. In Islam all marriage proscribed which done under any kind of pressure. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) has at many examples to stop such kind of marriages. These marriages were known as Sabaya, which is practice in the days of Jahiliya (ignorance). In which Arabs used to capture the ladies of enemy and get the better of after the battle. Vani is also the example of that marriage in two manners. A woman is married without her assume and punished for that crime which she never committed. Which is encumber in Islam(..In Islam there is no variety between persons on the basis of gender, color, race, nationality, wealth, etc. only the superiority of a person is ungenerous on justice, and moral excellence. So how it is possible, that any person exploited the womens life on the name of custom is Islamic practice. Islam gives women respect, honor, right to inherit property, to come after anyone with their own choice and the right to divorce. (..According to Islamic law a punishment should have four characteristics. It should be disciplinary, retributive, reformative and a limit. scarce vani has not any of these characteristic, because criminal himself goes free and innocent girl pay their unlimited cost. In Islam, there is no clear responsibility that every person must bear the burden of his/her own deeds, and in Islam no concept of women gives as compensation in Badal-i-Sulh. It violates the law of Qisas and Diyat. (Anis, F. 2003)According to oecumenic Declaration of Human Rights in article 1 that all human creation born free and equal right and dignity, but the vani practice is direct conflict with it 1 article. In vani practice the girl punished for those act which she never did. She is also born free and equal right like men. But she exploited in the hand of men and become commodity. As a human being she is free for take any decision, but in vani without her combine she gets marries with any person for revival. name 16 of Universal Declaration of Human Right, that there is no limitation for any men and women to marry and form a family. Without any discrimination of race, nationality or religion they can enjoy their marriage and family. There is free estimable consent for both men and women to choose their spouse. But in vani neither the men consent is asked or nor the women consent for marriage. Both men and women force to marrying to end of enmity. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004)The vani practice is also violates the constitutional law. Like in vani women closeness and mobility are restricted but in Article 9 of the geological formation are guarantees that any person whether men and women has freedom of liberty. It also violates Article 4 of the make-up that guarantees that every citizen has full right to enjoy the certificate of the law but in vani practice law dont support her. It has say in Supreme Court that vani custom un-Islamic and unconstitutional under the Constitution of 1973. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007)Pakistan is the member of CEDAW ( formula on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women) which work to treasure the women from discrimination, e ffect against women and protect their rights. In article 16 of CEDAW in which give tongue to that all parties shall take all proper step to eliminate discrimination against woman in all matters relating to marriage and family relations and ensure, on a basis of equality of men and women. In this article man and women both has right to enter in marriage and freely chosen the spouse. But in vani practice there are no concept consent and equal right for marriage. Women oppress for marriage by father, brother or other male member of night club. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004)Vani is illegal practice. In 2002, the Chief legal expert of Pakistan declared vani as un-Islamic practice. In March 2004 a press constitutions of the equity and Justice Commission stated that,All people who include in vani decision must be punished. The Commission also came with a limn amendment to article 366-C of the Pakistan Penal Code. According to itThose entire person who take part in the decision of vani wh ether any person to offer or accept of women as vani, or whether the part of Punchayat they shall be punished in jail. Which is negligible 3 year or it can exceed 10 old age and also liable to a fine. Whether it is done with the consent of both the parties, or it is done with the consent of the female herself, it must be punished. But silence this amendment has not been passed. (Chaudhry, M.G. Ulfat, A. 2007)In vani practice marriage are done without the consent of girl so it is also violate the Hudood ordinance parting 6 in which force marriage under this practice consume to protection of law, because it is illegal. (Hashmi, A. Koukab, 2004)Vani practice is done mostly as child marriage which is prohibited in Islam and all over the world laws. According to UN Convention in which child marriage are prohibited under Rights of fry in article 2. At the same according to Muslim Family honor Ordinance, that at the time of marriage the girl must have reach at the age of 16 and a boy must reached at the age of 18, and both proper consent taken before marriage.According to Punishment for Parent or Guardian Concerned in a Child Marriage Section 6. If any persons promote the child marriage in any case or in any way shall be punished minimum 1 month or with fine which extends to one thousand rupees or with both. But vani mostly girls given over are below the age of 18 which is in conflict with these law and convention. . (Ebrahim, Z. 2009).Government takes initiative against vani, Like Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and different NGOs are working against the custom of vani. The Supreme Court of Pakistan has also taken action of forced marriages in different areas of parts of Sindh, Punjab and N.W.F.P. National Judicial polity making Committee in a meeting announced that vani is unislamic practice and it must be punished.( Minallah, S. (2007). In 2004 Pervez Musharraf, Pakistans ex- president, passed law against vani during visit by the US president, Georg e Bush. But it didnt implement because of laws limited influence in rural areas. In rural area feudal system is so strong so only 15 vani cases have been tried under the new law in Mianwali. (.There are several cultural factors which become the reasons of strength against women in Pakistan. Patriarchal society, misinterpretation of Islam, and cruel practices in culture are major cause of low women status. Women are considering as object and property. Vani practice is one of the major customary practices which become vital cause of women exploitation. The women pay the cost of that sin which actually they never did. The only sin of women is that she had the blood relation with sinner or criminal. Because of this her whole life are exploited. (Jehanzeb, 2004).If girl married as vani and went to enemy house then there is no place in society. They are treated by their new families without any kindness. Even parents of vani victims are mistreat with her after marriage and not think of her sacrificing. They have no place in either home or in-laws. The innocent girls are suffering forever in an environment of immunity Due to psychological trauma it difficult to handle the stressful petition of their maintain, children and in-laws. (Jehanzeb, 2004).Vani is considered an evil tradition and sever punishment, especially by the feminists because the main victim is the innocent and wordless girl who sacrifices for the sake of her brothers and parents. It is a cruel sort towards females because women bear the punishment of that crime which she never committed. (..According to the annual report of Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (2003), Vani is like of death punishment for victim women. Although they are not corporeally killed, but the humiliation, abuses and misery which they face in her husband home is terrible punishment which she faces in her whole life. Women face this for that crime which she never did. (p.56)Vani girl is just like a slave in their house, be cause she comes from the enemys family. The Taunts, curses and furiousness become the fate of vani women in everyday life, because she has blood relation with that person who killed their loved one. She is a continuously reminder in the in-laws of the death of their loved one. They try to give pain to the girl and her family members. (Ullah Khan, Z. 2006)This custom is like announcement of death sentence for girls, because she knows that she has to live in unwel advent and miserable scenario boulder clay the end of her life. She must lives in aggressive situation and she will never be happy there, because there no one love and fretfulness about her. Everyone abuse and taunt her, because she has blood relation with sinner. (Ebrahim, 2006).Vani whether is used justly or is misused, is against the norms of human rights. The vani girl has to bear psychological and mental whirl till the end of her life. That girl will have to live in an unsympathetic situation and she will never be h appy over there. The innocent girl never understands the cause of pain upon her. Her body, mind and intelligence would traumatize till she dies. They have to face terrible cost of that decision. (Khan, 2009).Violence against women is not only brings physical injuries, psychological impacts of violence become the cause of pressure on their power of thinking and behaving. This violence leaves a long lasted trauma which with no proper healing. (Babur Udin, Z . 2007). Because of vani women life becomes miserable. So being a mother miserable condition and lack of security makes children turn into indirect victims. Apart from the women suffering problems with self-esteem, their children face severe emotional and behavioral problems growing up with the traumatic. (Jehanzeb, 2004).Violence against women is not only about women violence on sex, or about conflict. It is about control, their mobility, their access to material resources and their both productive and reproductive role (Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller( 1992) highlightp.2)In patriarchal society women has low status, because man considered as personal properties which control every facial gesture of lives of women including their life style, behavior and movements etc. Men make the decisions, and women pressurize to follow those decisions in family, tribe, community and society. Because of male dominating society women consider minority in society. (Hassan, 1995).In many tribal areas, women are even not considered as human beings. She is cattle or personal property which used for barter or to settle debts or conflicts. These types of practices become women low status in society. (Shaheed, 1990).In our society women are face discrimination and violence on a daily life, due to the cultural and religious norms and belief. In our society the concept of Char Divari, a term translated literally to mean the four walls of the house restricted women mobility. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) According to social no rm women restricted in her father and brother home and after marriage the live in husbands home. There is no other option for her. In the society the saying like ( aurat baap k ghar ko chorti hai dole mai or shohar k ghar ko coffin mai) mean women leave father home in betrothal palanquin and that of their husbands only in coffin. These types of social norms restricted women mobility. She faces psychological and physical violence but never dare to leave it.( shaheed,F. ghazdar,A.1998)In vani practice at the time of departure no brides are made in proper way and when she leave the father home that time their congenator and parents weep bitterly because they know that now her mobility is restricted. Even she never allows coming parents home expect particular occasion. (Salamat, R. 2007).In our society women continuously become the victims of this senseless violence. The hounor of family associated with women. Through out life it is internalized on her in socialization that family h ounor are linked with her action. Women spend whole life in endurance and fear that she doesnt do any thing which becomes the result of family dishonored in society. (Shaheed, F. ghazdar, A.1998) All her life she faces threats. She accepts all kind of violence for the sake of father, brother, or husband hounor and actually these relation makes women lives more miserable. So through out whole life women have pressure to safe the hounor of male and family in society. In vani same women has social pressure to safe the life and hounor of his male member of family. For the sake of his family so-called honour she spend whole life in hell (Babur Udin, Z. 2007)According to Human rights lawyer Hina Jilani (1998, p.143), women protection in the name of family honour from immoral activities is done for the sake of social holiness actually is the oppression of basic human rights of women.Gender-based violence included physical, psychological violence on women, which is done by her husband or by another person family. Physical violence includes torture beating longing and murdering of woman. Psychological violence includes verbal aggression, humiliation, abuse, taunt etc. (International Planned line Federation (2000). When vani women went husband home where she face physical violence like beating, torture of husband or other family member and also psychological violence like curses, abuse, taunt then how her life are secured. This violence has no limitation, women face it till death. (U, Ubaid. K, Ullah, Zia. F, Aliya. 2006)

Natural Religion Versus Revealed Religion Philosophy Essay

inbred Religion Versus Revealed Religion philosophy EssayDialogues Concerning Natural Religion is a religious philosophical work of the Scottish philosopher David Hume.It is virtually the fight the three characters of Cleanthes, Philo and Demea ab aside the disposition of Gods existence. Hume began the process of dialogue by and by than in 1750, it was published only(prenominal) in 1779.Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, organized godliness, philosophical industrial plant of David Hume, were published posthumously 1779.The work is written as a fancied dialogue between the three main characters Cleanthes, Philo and Demea. Cleanthes argues for the existence of God.He stresses the teleological sense, for example, that the creative activitys effectiveness suggests an intelligent objectiveer. Demea can rather be characterized as a mystic, who claims that God is beyond reason.The main reason for that belief is an internal judgement or certainty.However, Demea is trying, at o ne point, to defend a version of the cosmologic proof of God. Philo is the most skeptical of the three, and probably the most often seems to speculate the Humes own point of view, as described in Humes Dialogues as Philosophy of Science.Conversations about religion in the Dialogue concerning Natural Religion, is the literature on philosophy by the Scottish philosopher David Hume.The publication consults together with three characters- Demea, Philo and Cleanthes, the nature of religion and the existence of God.They all agree that God exists, but differ on the nature and properties, and that they can ever gain knowledge of the gods.Among the things they maunder about is the design rationale for the existence of God. Hume started writing the Dialogues on religion in 1750, but did not finish with them until 1776, shortly before he died.The publication is based in part on the publication of Cicero De Natura Deorum (On the nature of the Gods).Conversations about religion came to Hume, after he died in 1779.3. Give a complete account of the Argument from object as stated by Cleanthes.In part I, the skepticism is discussed, which is made strong by Philo.Cleanthes, however, rejects the ball-shaped skepticism because it was not for pragmatic reasons, could be represented.In Part II to VIII, the argument was put forward by Cleanthes, as the argument from design was discussed. Cleanthes believes that the earth has similarity with the products of human activity and could be seen as a great machine.Since similar effects could alike lead to similar effects, it is permissible to infer by analogy that God to the man is similar.God is a kind of exaggerated human being is, however, better and probably also was distinguished by the usual attributes of immortality, omnipotence, omniscience and benevolence.Thus, represented by Cleanthes anthropomorphism is criticized by the other cardinal severely and extensively.Demea calls for the incomprehensibility of God, pointing to the weak nature of the human spirit, which is placid of variable andPhilo designs also a long list of alternative conclusions, and describes the world that could not be excluded by Cleanthes his argument still leaves m any gods rather of one, also could the world be regarded as good as an animal, which enables a completely different description of God.He also puts forward a variant of the theory of nature, passes after a series of finite worlds to from each one other the momentum of change.In this theory, he is already approaching the Hume to as yet unknown theory of evolution.Cleanthes can be traced from Philo provoking presentations and throws out any of his theories of the world, which were produced exactly as it is of necessity.This philosophy applies, however, against the design argument for which this is aline either.At the end of Part VIII, he claimed that there was the reluctance of any appeal, the only tenable position, as stated in How David Humes Critique of the Desi gn Argument Survives for Three Centuries.Two of the experts involved in the dialogues represent two major trends of the Century of Enlightenment in the discussion of natural religion one, Cleanthes, is a deist, a theist or perhaps better, not only argues for the existence of God but also ofHis providence, the other Demea, is a protector of orthodox Christianity.The third, Philo is the fencing of the skeptical point of view.The theist Cleanthes claims arrogantly that the major power of human reason is sufficient to reach, drawing on the experience of the world and the logic of the arguments, the authors knowledge of the universe.The orthodox Demea insists, that it is not the strength, but the weakness of a man, and his reason which brings us to the infinity of God and his mysteries.The skeptic Philo sometimes foxily encourages optimism for the Cleanthes and other pessimism of Demea, thus provoking the confrontation between the two.This strategy paves the route to defending thei r thesis of the triumph of moderate skepticism concerning natural religion.

English :: essays research papers fc

For years, Division I suspensors swallow been pouring their hearts out day after day, week after week, to protect the pride and usage of their universities. With television contracts and shoe deals alone, the athletes are really bringing in the bullion and other forms of revenue. Sure, you can say that the typical athletes scholarship is enough to compensate, only are they? A true athlete plays the game simply because he loves it. When youre at the Division I level of sports, it is more or less a calling and it is their job to make money for the school. Also, these athletes produce up many freedoms. For a given number of hours per week, they give their blood, sweat, and tear just to play a sixty-minute game or run both times around a track. Take these factors and combine it with the athletes academic responsibilities, and its a lot to account for. When all is state and done, how much money does the athlete see? Well, a billet from scholarshipszero. I mentioned primitively that intercollegiate athletics is more or less a business in itself. Let me break it down for you. A business has antithetic departments the owner, the management, and your employees at the bottom rung making everything run smoothly. The owners of course have provided the money for the company, the managers run the company, and the laborers perform the rifle. Ive neer heard of a business that doesnt pay its employees. And of course no one would work for them if such a thing did exist. Most people think that an athlete should just be thankful for the education he receives in diversify for a few hours of practice. But an enormous amount of cash is existence circulated within that school, at the athletes expense, which that athlete will never lay eyes on. Author and sports writer Steven Wulf says, They are required to drift in long hours of hard work for next to nothing, in uncongenial conditions, always under intense scrutiny of their bosses. (Wulf) Of course this is a polemic topic, and there are obviously two sides to this argument a side for and a side against the argument. It is true that student-athletes arent your typical college students. They are uneffective to deposit that measly check most us work toward extracurricular academic duties. Time and physical constraints do not allow these individuals lively in a fish bowl to actively pursue a part-time job.

A Violent Illumination Of Salvation :: essays research papers fc

A Violent Illumination of redemptionFlannery OConnor uses violence to return characters to reality and prepare themto accept their moment of grace. The hot Encyclopedia Britannica defines graceas the "spontaneous, unmerited gift of the divine or the divine influenceoperating in man for his regeneration and sanctification" (401). At any cost, asoul must find salvation. OConnor states, "In my deliver stories I have found thatviolence is strangely capable of move my characters to reality andpreparing them to accept their moment of grace" (qtd.in Bain 407). DorothyWalters, Associate Professor of incline at Wichita State University, believesOConnors blurtgle theme is the battle between theology and the devil "dueling for thehuman soul in the ancient clash" (105).The spark of salvation d matchless violent means is essential because "bothOConnor and her deity are ironists unyielding . . . her heros are willfulcharacters who must be humbled in learning that the will of God must prevail"(Master-pieces 497).OConnor portrays two varieties of sinners who possess either excessive pride oraggressive evil traits. The cost of redemption is high. OConnor violentlyshocks her characters, illuminates their shortcomings, and prepares them forredemption as seen in "A adept Man is Hard to Find," " manifestation," "The River,"and "The Lame Shall Enter First."Walters reasons, "The instruction of pride through lessons of humility is, ineach story, the means by which the soul is brisk for its necessaryillumination by the Holy Spirit" (73). The grandmother in "A Good Man is Hard toFind" and Rudy Turpin in "Revelation" is each convinced that she is a lady ofelevated status. When threatened by superior beings, their self-imposed facadesfall. Inherent human weaknesses are not tolerated and the faulty soul is damnedor violently returned to reality (Walters 72).     In The clothing of Being, OConnoremphasizes "My devil has a name . . . His name is Lucifer, hes a fallenangel, his sin is pride, and his aim is destruction of the Divine plan" (456).The grandmother is extremely exultant and identifies herself as a "lady" asOConnor reveals in the clothing verbal descriptionThe childrens mother still had on slacks . . . but the grandmother had on anavy blue sky straw sailor hat with a bunch of white violets on the brim and a navyblue dress . . . trimmed with lace . . . In case of an accident, any one seeingher dead on the highway would know at at once that she was a lady. (A Good 11)When the grandmothers trivial scheming causes the family to leave the paved

Immigration to the US Essay -- Immigration Naturalization

There are many Asiatic immigrants that postdate to the United States in hopes of living out their American dream of decorous United States citizens. My parents came here exactly for that same reason, so they can pull in my sisters and I the opportunity to live a better life. We were fortunate plenteous to have our relatives help us get here, making it a humble less difficult for us compared to otherwise families that took a different course to becoming citizens. However, it was not always this easy for an Asian immigrant family like ours to have naturalized citizens. It used to be near impossible for immigrants of Asian personal line of credit to become a United States citizen, but in recent years, in that location have been a spur of people with Asian ethnicity who are fitting to naturalize.From the time the Puritans touched the soil of this land to the creation of this countrys brand-new government, America was always envisioned as a solid nation of people of European decent. John Winthrop and his Puritan followers came to this new land with the errand of creating the new England, a colony of one racial identity (Takaki 15). It is surprising to learn that even the founding fathers of this country were against having people other than whites to settle in this land where according to them ..all men are created evenly. Ben Franklin, for example, shared the same belief in his 1751 essay Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind. The position were the principle Body of White people, and Franklin wished there were more of them in America (Tanaki 16). Thomas Jefferson also shared the same view in his Notes on the State of Virginia, expressing his fear of possibly tainting the country with people of sloping skin (Tanaki 16). With that i... ...yclopedia, Web. Takaki, Ronald. Strangers From a Different Shore a History of Asian American. first. refreshed York Back Bay Books/ Little, Brown and Company, 1989. 14-420. Print.U nited States v. Bhagat Singh Thind. Wikipedia, the put out Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Web. .United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, Certificate From The Circuit Court Of Appeals For The Ninth Circuit., No. 202. Argued January 11, 12, 1923. determined February 19, 1923, United States Reports, v. 261, The Supreme Court, October Term, 1922, 204215. Waldo R. Browne (ed.), Japanese-American Passport Agreement, in Whats What in the tire out Movement A Dictionary of Labor Affairs and Labor Terminology. New York B.W. Huebsch, 1921 pg. 261.

Fear of Fear Essays -- essays research papers

clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral intercession (CBT) for panic disorder tho the mechanism responsible for the improvement are lacking. The reduction of care of timidity (FOF), or the tendency to respond fearfully to benign bodily sensations, is believed to underlie the improvement resulting from CBT. Research has provided evidence consistent with the FOF hypothesis. Descriptive studies consistently array that panic disorder patients stimulate squarely higher on self-report measures tapping fear of bodily sensations. Those who score high on measures tapping FOF display heightened emotional responding to take exception compared with those who score low on these same FOF measures (M. Brown, Smits, Powers, & Telch, 2003 Eke & McNally, 1996 Holloway & McNally, 1987 McNally & Eke, 1996 Rapee & Medoro, 1994 Telch et al., 2003). Findings from several prospective studies apprize that people score big on the Anxiety Sensititivity Index (ASI) are at greater risk for developing occurring panic attacks (Schmidt, Lerew, & Jackson, 1997p Shmidt, Lerew, & Joiner, 1998). unique(predicate) procedural components contained in contemporary CBT manuals for panic disorder include statement about the nature and physiology of panic and anxiety, breathing retraining designed to suffice patients in learning to control hyperventilation, cognitive restructuring aimed at teaching patients to recognize and correct faulty threat perceptions that contribute to their panic and anxiety, interoceptive exposure aimed at reducing patents fear of harmless bodily sensations associated with physiological activation, and fading of maladaptive defensive behaviors such as avoidance of external situations (Barlow, Craske, Cerny, & Klosko, 1989 Clark et al., 1994 Telch et al., 199).On the basis of contemporary psychological theories of panic disorder, several findings implicate change over in FOF as a mediator of treatment outcome. CBT results in cruci al reductions on measures broadly tapping FOF (Bouchard et al., 1996 Clark et al., 1997, Poulton & Andrews, 1996). Modifying patients catastrophic misinterpretations of bodily sensations result in significant reductions in panic (Taylor, 2000). A clinical trial comparing cognitive therapy with guided master... ... to 5 being extremely frightened Likert-type scale. The total score is computed by averaging the responses to the 17 items. The hypothesis that the force plays of CBT would be mediated by changes in FOF was tested in accordance with the analytic gradations draw by Baron and Kenny (1986). footfall 1 is testing the effects of treatment on the proposed mediator by performing an ANOVA with treatment theme (CBT vs. waitlist) as the radicaling factor and FOF score as the dependent variable. Step 2 is testing for the presence of a treatment effect by performing the grouping factor and residualized change scores of the four major clinical status measures as the dependent var iables. Step 3 is the kindred between the proposed mediator and the four major clinical status measures was examined. This step was tested by performing a series of analyses of covariance with treatment group (CBT vs. waitlist) as the grouping factor, residualized change scores of clinical status measures as the dependent variables, and the FOF score as the covariate. The final step is tested by comparing the effect of treatment in the third step with the effect of treatment in the second step.

Environmental Justice and Toxic Racism Essay --

Environmental justice and Toxic Racism Encouraged by diverse foundations from across the globe, The Environmental Justice movement has become atomic number 53 of the most important topics in the media. Europeans have used Marxist school of thought on class laddering, while non-Western countries required its encouragement in the objurgation of colonialism. In the United States, The Civil Rights Movement was its forerunner. The notion of Environmental Justice, nevertheless, has its genesis in the resistance of black culture and impose income-communities in opposition to uneven ecological trouble in the United States during the hold out few years of the 1970s and the early 1980s. In the framework of racial improvement and public activism, the phrase was implemented to designate the racial and social disparity in contact to environmental dangers like pollutions, cyanogenic waste, and inundation, at the same time barring marginal sight, like black Americans, Hispanics, and India ns, from the choosing and applying of across the nation environmental rules. The word environment was given then a severalize connotation. Unlike the traditional environmental movement, which was condemned for ignoring the experience of black people and the lower class, the environment was re buildingd as a setting where people live. Supporters started to focus comprehensively on making the topic evenhanded. Advocates classified this equality into three expansive types technical, geographic, and societal equities. Technical impartiality is apprehensive on unbiased style or justice on the employment of central regulations, assessment criterion, and enforcement of environmental rules. Geographic fair play is concentrated on finding groups of people and their propinquity to green peril, ... ...nerators, the Anti-Toxics movement is another important movement that has added to the contend with Environmental Justice. The Anti-Toxins movement began in the late 1970s as curtly as Pr esident Jimmy Carter acknowledged Love Canal, New York, a catastrophe spot. Carter in due course evacuated the area for safety reasons. eer since the evacuation the former citizens of Love Canal got together to form the Citizens Clearinghouse of waste Waste. Its goal is to aid thousands of neighboring clusters to fight against deadly waste exposures. some(prenominal) anti-toxics movement have formed during the past several years to propose for stricter government policy with regard to pollution prevention. These groups argue for the abolishment of toxic waste, arguing that some areas would be affected by pollutants given the structure of the economy of the United States of America.

Comparing the Poetry of Gary Snyder and Ruth Stone Essay -- Comparison

Comparing the Poetry of Gary Snyder and pathos S savorGary Snyder is not only a poet, but a sermoniser of sorts. His poems carry powerful messages nigh get back to your roots. His poems contain significant themes of anti-consumerism and spirituality. Facts is a short piece consisting of facts on consumerism in America. This piece warns of the dangers of everywhere consumption and lack of moderation. In some cases, however, Snyder does appear far to a fault extreme in his views, equal in By Frazier Creek f only where is says We could live on this Earth / Without clothes or tools. This theme of primitiveness is a common theme in Snyders poetry. Many of his poems are about nature and the uncivilized human beings. the settings of his poems are often woods, lakes, mountain trails, or other(a) similar uninhabited uncultivated areas. Snyders poetry is sometimes political activism in disguise. Four Changes is less like a poem and more like an environmental extremists manifesto. Each of the changes closes with a suggestion of what type of social or political action to take in order to make the said(prenominal) change occur.Loss is a major theme in shame perditions poetry, although her poems are rarely depressing as one might have from loss poems. Instead, her poems contain a bitter yet sharp tone of humor. She writes about the loss of her husband, old lovers, her mother, and the past. Stone also writes about the dangers of getting too caught up in the modern world and losing touch with our roots. In The Solution she refers to My friend the Supermarket which brings her gratification in several ways. In berce white plague she writes about babies who kiss their computer goodnight and tells how they program computers after putting on thei... ...aired Mother and writes many poems about mothers.Both Snyder and Stone make use of strong concrete images in their poems. In The Bath Snyder appeals to almost all in all of the senses by talking about the crackle of waterdrops and the scent of cedar and his wife entering the sauna, letting in cool air. In Simplicity Stones intense use of adjectives and figurative language creates strong images in the readers mind. She describes her surroundings as wrinkled skin on a cup of boiled milk an describes the waters powerful flow.The writings of two poets can be described as both simple and complex at the same time, just like the world theyre writing about. While on a purely real level you may be reading about loss, family, traveling, or nature, all of the poems have a deeper meaning about these topics that the poet leaves the reader to discover.

The Good Earth :: essays research papers

In The Good Earth, Pearl Buck describes the deportmentstyle and customs duty of the Chinese through the character of Wang Lung. She also shows the rise of a elemental peasant to the enviable position of a wealthy landowner. At the ancestry of the novel, Wang Lung, a poor farmer, is ready to marry O-Lan, a slave who is purchased from the smashing house of Hwang. She is a sturdy, silent woman who has immense resourcefulness. She is Wang Lungs helpmate end-to-end the book. Wang Lung and O-Lan, in the span of a few years, have five children. Wang Lung has forever and a day believed that the earth is a wonderful provider. When he manages to save some silver gray from his farming efforts, he decides to invest it in the good earth. He buys a parcel of land belonging to the House of Hwang. Wangs Uncle, who is lazy and evil, knows of his nephews success and repeatedly comes to Wang to beg for help and food. It is the Chinese custom to help relatives, so Wang reluctantly aids him. Unf ortunately, a famine strikes, and everyone, including the Wang family, suffers. The Uncle spreads the rumor that Wang is hoarding food and money, which causes the edacious villages to bollix up Wangs house but they find nothing, for Wang is also starving and ineffectual to provide for the basic needs of his family. As a result, Wang takes his family and flees to the South, where they eke out a living. Wang pulls a rickshaw through the streets to earn money. During Wangs stay in the South, the basic rumbles of the revolution are heard. One day in Kiangsu, the angry peasants live down the gates of a huge mansion and enter it to plunder and pillage its riches. At first, Wang Lung is unable to steal anything but when he sees the enlarge Lord clobbering the peasants, he picks up as much gold as he can and leaves. Wang returns to his homeland with his family. He keeps buying to a greater extent and more land from the House of Hwang, which has now fallen into decay. As his children gr ow up, his life begins to prosper. Wang educates his first two sons. The eldest, Nun En, marries a girl from a polite family. The second son, Nun Wen, becomes a grain merchant. The third child, a lady friend born during the famine, is retarded Wang loves her dearly and affectionately calls her "poor fool.

Political Protest under the Totalitarian System Essay example -- Total

The paper concerns the principles presupposed in political protest against the totalitarian regime. In crinkle to the utilitarian view of participating in political protest (K.D.Opp, M. Taylor) the creator tries to suggest the honorable model of political protest. According to this model, the main mind and motif for challenging the regime is the transgression of the limits of concession, which jeopardizes the spiritual identity and congenital qualities of the individuals and all groups (i.e., Church, family, nation). The participants of the protest do not calculate in legal injury of egoistic or private interests and utilities but in terms of moral values. They consider what action is chastely good and bad or morally better or worse in this situation, disregarding their personal boodle and happiness. The capablehrow of the communist system is an incalculating and contingent result of combating the extreme manifestations and wipe up excesses of the system. 1. Protest in Defe nse of IdentityThere are tercet essential forms of opposing the totalitarian system covert passive resistance, overt non-violent protest, and armed struggle. The first form of activity results, in a way, from a combination of utilitarian calculating and axiological considerations. The oppositionists may cooperate with the rgime and publicly countenance it, while at the same time they reckon to bring action in order to liberalize the system and take the edge off the dictatorship, whenever this is possible, i.e., not noticed by the authorities, legitimate, or useful in view of the mildness of the punishment faced by the offenders. two individuals and institutions may follow this pattern. Under the Communist rule in eastern Europe, even persons holding publ... ...pp, Repression and Revolutionary Action East Germany in 1989, reason and Society, Vol. 6, No. 1, 1994, pp. 101138 M. Taylor, Anarchy and Cooperation, London, 1976 M. Taylor ed., Rationality and Revolution, Cambridge, 1 988.(7) M. Weber, Gesammelte Aufstze zur Wissenschaftslehre, Tbingen, 1973, especially Chapters II & X.(8) Cf. A. Michnik, Z dziejw honoru w Polsce From the History of Honor in Poland, Warszawa, 1993.(9) Cf. V. Havel, Sila bezsilnych The Power of the Powerless, Berlin, 1995.(10) Arystoteles Aristotle, Etyka Nikomachejska Nichomachean Ethics, Warszawa, 1956, Books III & V.(11) T. Buksinski, Kategoria etycznosci a rzeczywistosc krajw postkomunistycznych The Category of the honorable vs. the Reality of the Post-Communist Countries, Edukacja Filozoficzna, 1995, No. 19, pp. 123132.(12) J. Kuron, op. cit.

Grand Avenue Essay -- essays papers

Grand Avenue In the novel Grand Avenue. Greg Sarris uses the theme thread of poison to connect entirely of his separate stories about the Toms, a Pomo Indian family. He proves that the roots of a family are the basis which gives the family its structure, even if those roots are bad. In the Toms family theyre roots were poisoned from the very founding of the family starting with surface-to-air missile Toms. His poison was non the fact that he tried to steal a married charr away, but that he was filled with secrets, deceptions, and self hatred. His family was founded on these poisened roots and passes the poisen downward(a) contemporaries later on gerneration. The only way to stop the poison, or inner(a) self hatred taken out in other forms, was to permit go of past and talk about the secrets and lies. Once a person does this they are able to learn from their error , in a intellect the break free from the poison. If Sam Toms , the founder or root of the family,would puddle broken free of his poisen by talking about his mistake he do, his whole family per haps would have turned out completely different. As a result of his secrets and lies his family was rasied to make the same unlawful desisions as he made throughout his life. His family, like Sam, didnt take responcilblity for their mistakes, which spread the poison onto the next generation. tincture the poison throughout the Toms beginning at the roots, shows unspoiled how important the roots indeed are. In the first story, entitled The conjuring trick Pony, one learns about the Man Poison. The story is narrated by Jasmine, who lives with her aunty Faye Faye tells her daughter Ruby and Jasmine that all men are poisoned because of a mistake from her past She stole her cousin Annas boyfriend Joaquin, by fiction t... ...d few such as Anna, Stella, and Alice who broke free of the poison, lived their lives as Sam Toms did who rooted the family. They as he did lied, cheated, manipu led, and kept secrets to try to live a happy life which in actuality their lives were anything but. The strong Toms that broke free of the poison spoke of their problems and took responsibility for them. The rest just followed in their ancestors footsteps and lived stressed and immoral lives as they did. The Toms family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families roots very are.footsteps and lived unhappy and immoral lives as they did. The Toms family poison connected the whole family, generation after generation together, and helps to prove how important an influential a families roots really are.

childcare :: essays research papers

recent changes in federal governmental priorities have seen a reduction in financial support for p atomic number 18nts who use childcare. This is occuring at a time when there is incerasing social and financial pressure on parents, especially mothers, to work. The issue of childcare and working mothers has been the subject of dispute for about time. many a(prenominal) argue that the best place for children is always in their accept homes with their own parents. However, it is my contention that there are many advantages to be bad from development childcare and the government should provide more financial assistance who do so.t has been argued that children who attend childcare centres at an archaean age throw out an important earlylearning that occurs in parent-child interaction.these children, so this argument goes,may be educationally disadvantaged later in life. however,childcare centres may actually assist children in their early learning. they give children an opprtunity to mix with others and to develop social skills at an early age. ndeed, a solely range of learning occurs in childcare centres.another(prenominal) argument against the use of childcare facilities is that children can be emotionally deprieved in these facilities compared to the home. this argument assumes that the best place for children is to be at their parents, especially mothers ramp for twnty-four hours a day. it claims that childrens emotional development can be damaged when they are left in childcare facilities. However parents and children need to spend some time apart.children became less dependent on their parentsand parents themselves are less emphasise and more effective care-givers when there are peiods of seperation.t could be moreover be asserted that the government and the economy as a whole cannot afford the enormous cost involved in supporting childcare for working parents.